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Notes
1
For a full discussion of this book's conceptualization and measurement of
democracy, see the chapter by Miranda above.
2
Schmitter makes the important clarification that even in democratic systems,
public officials need not always be elected since alternative ways of choosing
rulers or representing interests are possible( such as through lottery and rotation)
as long as such practices have public consent (2004: 47).
3
In the literature on democratic governance, elections constitute a form of “vertical
accountability”between citizens, representatives, and rulers. In contrast
“horizontal accountability” refers to interactions such as “checks and balances”
among the different branches of the regime and state acting according to
constitutional and legal rules (Schmitter 2004: 52-3). For horizontal accountability,
see Guillermo O'Donnell (1998).
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