The Never Ending Democratization of the Philippines
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study focuses on the actual executive-legislative-judicial interactions that show
how the executive hegemony dominates the other branches of government.
This dominance weakened horizontal accountability making the employment
of delegative authority virtually unchecked. Moreover, the study emphasizes
the transparency and controllability aspects of accountability rather than the
answerability aspect which is very challenging because of the strict procedural
requirements of due process. This study believes that horizontal transparency
and controllability would help attain answerability or to exact accountability. It
is to be hoped, therefore, that this study will contribute to the policy thrusts of
the Human Development Network.
In regard to the perennial problem of poverty, the National Economic and
Development Authority recommends that “the government's anti-poverty
strategy must focus on agriculture and rural development through asset
reforms (agrarian reform, urban land reform and ancestral domain reform)
accompanied by reforms in the agricultural sector, such as investments in
productivity improvements and supporting infrastructure. The government
also should address; (a) poor governance of support services, e.g., lack of
accountability (Fertilizer scandal)” (Philippine Mid-Term MDG Report 2007:
2122).
The largely discouraging policy outcomes and the scandals that wracked
the post-EDSA administrations could be seen as the main reason why their
public satisfaction ratings declined from the hopeful expectation of the people
at the start of their terms of office. Indeed, there are time-specific contexts for
each of the administrations, but their inability to improve significantly the
economy and the quality of life of the people, tend to be the common factors that
help explain their ratings. The trend for the Aquino, Ramos and Estrada
administrations is to begin with a satisfaction rating of about 75 percentage
points and decline to around 10 points by the end of their term. The Arroyo
administration is the least satisfactory which started with 25 percentage points
satisfaction rating and declined to -38 points by December, 2009. The SWS
comparison of the satisfaction ratings of the Aquino, Ramos, Estrada and
Arroyo (1986-2009) is in Appendix D. It should be noted that Philippine Star
columnist William Esposo observed that there is double counting of the
dissatisfied responses. He made this observation in connection with the
declining net satisfaction of President Aquino III.
Towards a Stronger Horizontal Accountability through Transparency
The revisions made by the 1986 Constitutional Commission which limited
the military powers of the President are very instructive. These revisions
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