The Never Ending Democratization of the Philippines
97
the economic elite, mostly regional dynasties, dominated politics (Caoili in
Morada and Encarnacion Tadem 2006: 264-65). This phenomenon has been
called “feckless pluralism” (Carothers 2002: 11).
On September 21, 1972, nine months before the expiration of his second
and last term as President, Marcos proclaimed Martial Law. This reversed our
democratization and allowed Marcos to establish an authoritarian regime.
Congress was abolished and the Supreme Court lent judicial legitimacy to his
authoritarian government. For 14 long years, Marcos ruled the country by
decree. The long dark night of authoritarianism was actually an “executive
coup”, or as Marcos described his regime, a “constitutional authoritarianism”.
He abolished Congress and turned the legislative building into the National
Museum. He imprisoned his political enemies, notably Senators Jose W.
Diokno and Benigno S. Aquino Jr. When Senator Aquino Jr. was found to be
suffering from a heart ailment, Marcos allowed him to leave the country and
seek medical attention in the United States.
Marcos' firm grip on the levers of government power gradually loosened.
The economic privileges of his cronies slowed the inflow of foreign direct
investments. The consequent unemployment was addressed through the
export of manpower. Foreign borrowings became an alternative source of
revenues of the country whose tax collection base is among the lowest in the
region. In the 1980s the Philippines joined Mexico in calling for a moratorium
on foreign debt payment. At this juncture, Senator Aquino Jr. decided to return
home from his political exile to unite the opposition. He was assassinated at the
Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983 while under the custody of the
Aviation Security Command. This triggered a nationwide outrage which
galvanized the anti-Marcos opposition.
The assassination of Senator Aquino Jr. intersected with the economic
crisis. These were aggravated by the fractious military and created serious
instability in the Marcos government. A faction in the military was disgusted by
the perceived discrimination against them. They publicly articulated their
grievances. But this made Marcos suspicious, who eventually ordered the
arrest of the discontented soldiers. Their protest against discrimination,
however, was seen as a mere symptom of the deadlier struggle for power
between factions maneuvering to succeed Marcos.
On February 25, 1986, Marcos was ousted and his authoritarian regime
ended. The military mutiny from the faction called Reform the Armed Forces
Movement (RAM) supported by civilian and religious groups ushered what is
now called People Power Revolution. This followed the “snap elections”
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