Specialist service: is a bespoke service that requires particular, specific expertise and is developed for a particular group of people. This may be a service run by an NGO, a health service or any other relevant organisation. State: in human rights documents the ratifying country is referred to as the State. In this report the word country is used. Tāngata whaikaha Māori. This is a term introduced in Whāia Te Ao Mārama 2018 to 2022: The Māori Disability Action Plan. Tāngata whaikaha Māori describes two or more Māori people with a disability. The term… whaikaha means ‘to have ability’ or ‘to be enabled’202 Tāngata whaikaha Māori means people who are determined to do well, or is certainly a goal that they reach for. It fits nicely with the goals and aims of people with disabilities who are determined in some way to do well and create opportunities for themselves as opposed to being labelled, as in the past.203 Twin Track: The NZ Disability Strategy explains a twin track approach. A twin-track approach is about making sure mainstream services and supports are inclusive of, and accessible to, us and that services and supports that are specific to us as disabled people are also available. This approach is not about having to choose between the specific or mainstream option; rather it is about having the right access to the right high-quality support or service, at the right time and in the right place.204 In response to violence against tāngata whaikaha Māori and disabled people, a twin track approach means making mainstream prevention and response initiatives and services fully accessible and inclusive of disabled people and also “providing targeted specialist services to address the specific needs of disabled people and adults at risk”.205 Each track must be Te Tiriti o Waitangi compliant, and identify and meet the needs and aspirations of tāngata whaikaha Māori. Victims: The United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1985) defines “victims” as persons who have suffered harm (including physical or mental injury) through acts or omissions that are defined as criminal in UN Member States, or are violations of “internationally recognized norms relating to human rights.” Article 4 states that “victims should be treated compassionately and with respect for their dignity, and that mechanisms should be available which allow victims to obtain redress through procedures that are “expeditious, fair, inexpensive and accessible.”206 Vulnerable: This word has two complementary meanings. One definition of vulnerable is someone who is open to attack or harm because of forces outside of themselves; “exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally”207 The other definition is that a person or people can be harmed because of some inherent weakness within themselves; “(of a person) in need of special care, support, or protection because of age, disability, or risk of abuse or neglect”.208 The NZ Crimes Act (1961) defines a vulnerable adult as “a person unable, by reason of detention, age, sickness, mental impairment, or any other cause, to withdraw himself or herself from the care or charge of another person”. The word vulnerable is not used in this document, except when quoted or referring to the legislation, as it is a contested term. Tāngata whaikaha Māori and disabled people do not see themselves as inherently vulnerable. In line with the social/rights model of disability, risk of violence is created by institutional, attitudinal and other practices which silence and disempower disabled people and services that fail to respond when abuse occurs. The language used in this report, referring to people who require care and support, and who are unable to remove themselves from harm, is adults at risk. Acting now for a violence and abuse free future 65