118 Maranga Mai! 1436-1833: Aotearoa is still an independent Māori/iwi nation. Iwi are trading with Europe, Australia, and America and providing supplies to settlers; mission schools are established; new diseases take hold 1436 to 1454 The Doctrine of Discovery bestows on Europeans the right to seek and capture others and enslave them and take all non-white, nonChristian lands and resources. Europeans believed that they were superior over all who are nonwhite and non-Christian (Ngata, T. 2019) Contact 1769: James Cook arrives in Aotearoa. Voyages ,like Cook’s, transplant “imperial domination, white supremacy and racism in its many forms” (Moewaka Barnes and McCreanor, 2019, p. 20). Māori were considered less-than-human, and their lands and resources freely open for colonial exploitation (Aikman, 2019; Mills, 2011; Wolfe, 2016, 2011, 2006). By the late 1830s, Māori had experienced decades of trading with foreign countries. Justice 1814: Britain appoints Thomas Kendall as Resident Magistrate to control unruly settlers (Barrington and Beaglehole 1974). Education 1816: First Mission School opened by Thomas Kendall (the Resident Magistrate of 1814) ‘to “civilise” and “deculturate” Māori, through conversion to Christianity (ACORD, 1986, p. 1). Missionaries learn te reo Māori, translate the Bible into Māori, and teach in Māori (Barrington and Beaglehole 1974). Health Pre-contact Māori population is 100,000. (Lange 1999). Māori life expectancy was longer than 18th-century Europeans (Pool, I. 2011 in Reid, J. et al, 2017: 33). Māori were a robust, healthy people and had no experience of epidemics or viral diseases. The pre-contact Māori population was growing on average by 0.5% per annum (Pool cited in Lange 1999:7). 1820: new diseases - influenza and measles epidemics sweep through kāinga (Lange, 1999). Land 1817: Kendall admits he cannot control European settlers. (Hill 1986: 37). 1818: Settlers start the musket wars which last 15 years. They end in 1833 when iwi acquire muskets. Rangatira allow settlers to stay for trading purposes. (Belich 1986). 1835-1840: He Whakaputanga,Te Tiriti o Waitangi, broken agreements, Crown decisions and law over Māori land, Māori literacy rates exceed those of children in England Rangatiratanga 1835: He Whakaputanga – Declaration of Independence is signed – asserting the mana, rangatiratanga, and independence of the Rangatira who signed it, supported by a commitment to unify in the face of foreign threat, and to ensure that no foreign law or government could be imposed on them. (Waitangi Tribunal: 2014: 202). February 1840: Te Tiriti o Waitangi is drafted and signed and the rangatiratanga of iwi Māori over their lands and people is again affirmed. Tauiwi, through the queen, are allowed to govern themselves (Kāwanatanga). Iwi do not cede sovereignty to the Crown Waitangi Tribunal (2014). The Crown has no intention of honouring Te Tiriti. Land and Police In 1839, Hobson stops private land sales to speculators and colonists and tells colonists that Rangatira did not understand He Whakaputanga. He Whakaputanga is called ‘silly’ and a failed experiment (Waitangi Tribunal: 2014: 340).