125 care (as Pākehā did under the same circumstances). Very often, however, this is not what happened (Lange, 1999: 233-234). Manaakitanga within Kāwanatanga 1904: Māori Hospitals for Māori Patients. Pōmare campaigns for Māori hospitals and plans a network of cottage hospitals, staffed by Māori. Pākehā politicians voice their support. In 1904, the first hospital was ready to open but government funding was delayed and eventually never came. None were built. (Lange, R. 1999). Welfare 1911 saw the introduction of a targeted widows’ pension for poor mothers of ‘good character’ (Baker and Du Plessis, 2011). From 1926 Māori received 25% less than the full rate for old-age and widows’ pensions. Discrimination by the pensions department continued into the 1940s (Spoonley, 2018). 1918 Influenza pandemic At the end of World War I, Māori soldiers along with their whānau were thrown into the influenza pandemic which famously kills 50 million people worldwide. About 2,500 Māori people died. This is a death rate 8-10 times the rate of Pākehā, and one of the highest rates in the world. Many tamariki were orphaned and many adults of childbearing age died. The Māori population declines. Travel restrictions were imposed on Māori entering built up areas and even Māori members of parliament had Human Rights Commission to apply for permission to travel (Williams, 2001, in Came, 2012). Long exposure to disease and ongoing ill health, the poor economic situation, and the lack of knowledge about the causes and spread of illness eventually became the predominant causes of Māori morbidity and mortality. Infant mortality was high and at birth Māori life expectancy was in the mid-20s – less than half that for non-Māori. (Lange, R. 1999). 1928 people of iwi descent only received half the unemployment benefit available to Europeans; this was amended in 1936. Politics and Racism 1914-1918: World War I. Imperial policy had officially excluded Māori from fighting in Pākehā wars. That policy was still in place in 1914 but the Crown quickly changed its mind and over two thousand Māori men served in what became the Māori (Pioneer) Battalion. Māori enlisted (and died) in other units as well (Cleaver, P. 2018). On returning home after World War I, Māori soldiers found that more land had been taken and that the Pākehā servicemen they served with could get government support to buy Māori land for farming. Māori soldiers did not get the same support that was available to Pākehā soldiers at first (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2020). 1920: New Zealand’s colour bar/ segregation New Zealand’s predominantly white settlements begin to institute a colour bar. This colour bar becomes evident in settlements around New Zealand. A colour bar was an unofficial but widespread policy preventing Māori from entering certain establishments, from receiving certain services, from renting accommodation, or from mixing with Pākehā in some public places. (Bartholomew, 2020). The colour bar lasted until 1960. It is well hidden from the rest of the world and wilfully forgotten such that Aotearoa continued to be promoted as a land free of racism. Rangatiratanga/Indigenous Rights 1920s: Rangatira visit the League of Nations in Geneva to protest about the Crown not honouring the Treaty. The arguments are rejected. One of the rangatira who travelled to Geneva remarked that: “The halls of this Palace are not yet ready to hear our voices” (Jackson, 2021c).