The Never Ending Democratization of the Philippines 83 Source: Guillermo O'Donnell, “Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies”, 1998. Key Concepts The concepts employed in the above thesis need to be dened. The most basic concepts of this study are “democracy”, “democratization” and “consolidated democracy”. There are two schools in comparative politics about the notion of democracy: the “procedural” and “substantive” notions. The procedural notion which is the dominant view emphasizes the electoral system as the essential feature of democracy. This is the view of Joseph Schumpeter (1954: 269-83) and Samuel Huntington (1991: 5-13). This view is claimed to be the minimalist denition which avoids the fuzziness of the concept and had thus won a wide acceptance by the 1970s (Huntington Ibid.). The substantive notion of democracy expands the procedural notion that is mainly focused on the electoral system. The substantive notion argues to include the outcomes of the democratic procedure and the broader social values associated with democracy (Whitehead 2002: 12) Democracy in this sense is seen as both a means and an end. It is not only a description of a political system but also a statement of its values. Democracy is not merely about the method of choosing the leaders, but should also yield policies or outcomes that would “expand freedoms” (Sen 1999: 35-53). In the view of Amartya Sen it should be able to address the social and economic problems of poverty, ignorance and disease. These outcomes are closely linked to what was referred to as the factor of legitimacy and performance (Abueva in Miranda 1997: 44). The conception of democracy as a political method would be empty if it is not linked to outcomes that advance human development (Munck 2009: 126-27).Beyond its procedural characteristics, democracy is “ultimately about individual dignity and collective decency” (Reynolds in Diamond and Plattner 2009: 224). In this context, the denition of “modern democracy” by Professor Felipe B. Miranda, because it conjoins the procedural and substantive notions of democracy, is taken by this study as the appropriate meaning of democracy. He denes it as follows: Modern political democracy is a system of governance in which the authorities or rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens acting mostly indirectly through (1) the competition