281 Index Substantive democracy, 83, 84: transition to, 82 Support services, 97 Supreme Court, 31, 84, 101: constitutionality of Proclamation 1081, 88; scal autonomy, 100; institutional reforms, 98; Martial Law, 101 Switzerland, 5 Synchronized Local and National Election (R. A. 7166), 58 Systemic constraints (decentralization), 132–33 Systems of checks and balances, 101, 123, 135n1, 247, 249, 258 T TEC (Technical Evaluation Committee) Certication, 171 Television, as source of information, 232 The Asia Foundation (TAF), 127, 131–32 Tolentino, Jose, Jr., 147 “Tongpats”. Search under “Kickback” Transparency International, 19, 26, 155 Transparency, 81, 85, 97, 98, 100 Transparency server, 165 Tuazon, Bobby, 176 Turncoatism, 23 Twitter, 239 U UNESCO, 14 UNHRC. Search under United Nations Human Rights Committee United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), 178, 180 United Kingdom: parliamentary form of government, 80 United Nations: “Millennium Declaration”, 96 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 24: “human development”, 95, 96 United States: anti-corruption programs, 95; democracy promotion, 14; presidential form of government, 80; electoral restrictions, 5 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 204 Unlayao, Wendell, 166 Urban Development and Housing Act (R. A. 7279), 113, 253 US Bases, retention of, 113 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 127 V Verkuilen, 18–19, 20 Vertical accountability, 52, 85 Veterans Federation, Inc. versus Comelec, 188 Vice-president: election, 58 Vicoy, Willy, 209 Violence, Cycle of, 53 Violence, Electoral, 64 Virola, Romulo A., 53 Vitangcol, Al, 172 Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption, 114 Vote buying, 62, 197, 200, 230, 248 Voter education, 189–190 W Wallach, Dan, 160 Western democracies, 5 World Bank: anti-corruption programs, 95; democracy promotion, 14 World Governance Indicators, 25 Writ of Habeas Corpus, 98 Y Yadav, Yogendra, 65n5 Z ZTE Broadband pay-offs, 123