Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions 26 135 Selected works include: L.J. McConnell, Extracting Accountability from Non-State Actors in International Law: Assessing the Scope for Direct Regulation (Routledge, 2016); M. Noortmann, A. Reinisch and C. Ryngaert, Handbook on Non-State Actors in International Law (Hart, 2015); D. J. Karp, Responsibility for Human Rights: Transnational Corporations in Imperfect States, (Cambridge University Press, 2014); J. G. Ruggie, Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights, (W.W. Norton, 2013); S. Deva and D. Bilchitz, (eds), Human Rights Obligations of Business: Beyond the Corporate Responsibility to Respect? (Cambridge University Press, 2013); A. Clapham (ed.), Human Rights and Non-State Actors (Edward Elgar, 2013); A. Bianchi (ed.), Non-state Actors and International Law, (Ashgate Publishing, 2009); A. Clapham (note 125 above); and P. Alston, (ed.) Non-state Actors and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2005). 136 Clapham (note 125 above), chapter 6. See also A. Clapham, Human Rights in the Private Sphere, (Oxford University Press, 1993). 137 See discussion in International Law Association, Committee on Non-State Actors (note 129 above) at 16. 138 Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, adopted June 27, 2014 (not yet in force), art. 46.C. See also A. Clapham, ‘Human Rights Obligations for Non-State-Actors: Where Are We Now?’ in F. Lafontaine and F. Larocque, Doing Peace the Rights Way: Essays in International Law and Relations in Honour of Louise Arbour, (Intersentia, forthcoming 2017), at 14-15, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2641390. For a critique of the Protocol on different grounds than corporate criminal liability, see Amnesty International, Malabo Protocol: Legal and Institutional Implications of the Merged and Expanded African Court, January 22, 2016, available at www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr01/3063/2016/en/. 139 CRPD, arts. 4.e, 9.2.b, 20.d, 21.c; CEDAW, art. 2.e. 140 M. Sornarajah, ‘Linking State Responsibility for Certain Harms Caused by Corporate Nationals Abroad to Civil Recourse in the Legal Systems of Home States’ in C. Scott (ed), Torture as Tort (Oxford: Hart, 2001) 141 General Comment No. 16 (note 116 above), para. 8. 142 The company Urbaser was a shareholder in a concession for water and sewage services in the Province of the Greater Buenos Aires. The claimants alleged that Argentina’s emergency measures at the time of the 2001-2 economic crisis caused the concession financial loss and ultimately insolvency. Urbaser started arbitration proceedings claiming breaches of the Bilateral Investment Treaty between Argentina and Spain. Argentina raised a counter-claim based on the claimants’ ‘alleged failure to provide the necessary investment into the Concession, thus violating its commitments and its obligations under international law based on the human right to water.’ Urbaser S.A. and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/26, Award (8 December 2016), para. 36. 143 Ibid., para. 1993. 144 The Tribunal notes that ‘international law accepts corporate social responsibility as a standard of crucial importance for companies operating in the field of international commerce’. Ibid., para. 1195. 145 Ibid., paras. 1996-8. 146 Ibid., para. 1999 (emphasis added). 147 Case of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname, Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Judgment, 25 November 2015 (Merits, Reparations and Costs), para. 224. 148 Ibid., para. 223. 149 Case against New TV S.A.L. and Karma Mohamed Tahsin al Khayat, STL-14-05/PT/AP/ARI26.1, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Personal Jurisdiction in Contempt Proceedings, Special Tribunal for Lebanon, October 2, 2014, para. 46. 150 Shell, at 34-55. 151 International Law Association (note 129 above), at 12. 152 See International Council on Human Rights Policy, Beyond Voluntarism: Human Rights and the Developing International Legal Obligations of Companies, 2002, at 58 ff, available at http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ F7FA1F4A174F76AF8525741F006839D4-ICHRP_Beyond%20Voluntarism.pdf; L. Henkin, ‘The Universal Declaration at 50 and the Challenge of Global Markets’, 25 Brooklyn Journal of International Law (1999), 17-25, at 25. A contrario, see M. Karavias, Corporate Obligations under International Law (Oxford University Press, 2013), at 68-115. 153 UDHR, art. 30. 154 Urbaser S.A. and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v. The Argentine Republic, para. 1996. 155 Republic of the Philippines v. Sandiganbayan, Major General Josephus Q. Ramas and Elizabeth Dimaano, G.R. No. 104768 (2003) (en banc).