Ⅰ. Guaranteeing the Fundamental Human Freedoms: 2. Freedom of Expression Other criticisms include the way the ruling party pushed ahead with the proposal and concerns for reduced reliability in the international community. C) Need to Change and Supplement the Proposed Amendment to the Press Arbitration Act Freedom of press is a right of citizens, not a freedom of publishers or reporters. However, there are cases of violating the rights of citizens through fake news, completely unrelated to criticizing the powerful. A decline in confidence in the news media has made the freedom of press into a hindrance in guaranteeing the citizens’ right to know and democratic opinion formation. Therefore, it is necessary to come up with a method to require higher responsibility from the press, and the method and the topic requires a careful approach. International organizations, such as the European Commission (EC), UNESCO, etc., stipulate the concept of specific disinformation, separate from simple mis-information. The Press Arbitration Act needs to seriously consider defining the fake news corresponding to the international standards. Also, some reviews and supplementations are needed to clarify provisions on the assumption of intentional and/or gross negligence, and the deletion of certain expressions or provisions levying uncertain or excessive liability to online news service operators by being subjected to punitive liability, etc. For example, the international organizations, including the UN, focus on autonomous and indirect measures, such as securing transparency in the media environment, rather than regulations that impose actual liability for the fake news or disinformation. On the other, strengthening the penalties directly, as an alternative to the sanction of the creation and distribution of fake news. It is noteworthy that in cases of Germany or France, where they have laws regulating expressions, they are limited to the specific types of hate speeches, such as glorifying Nazis, etc., and have the specific scope and target. 49