Part A NHRIs as protectors and promoters of HRD rights 1 Who are human rights defenders? Human rights defenders (HRDs), as outlined in the 1998 UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, include any person, group, society, or organization that acts peacefully to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms at national and international levels. HRDs may be journalists, lawyers, grassroots activists, educators, community organizers, indigenous leaders, health workers, or scientists, united by their commitment to human rights principles. HRDs are identified by their actions rather than their identity, engaging in diverse activities such as seeking justice for individuals, advocating against violations, raising awareness, and providing technical advice on international treaties. They operate at local, regional, and international levels, including within the UN human rights system. The principle of self-identification emphasizes that individuals have the right to define themselves as HRDs based on their actions, beliefs, and commitments to promoting and defending human rights, regardless of formal recognition or affiliation with established organizations or institutions. At the same time, many individuals and organizations work to advance human rights – particularly at the grassroots level - without identifying as human rights defenders. This highlights the need for increased awareness and positive narratives about human rights defenders among various stakeholders. Often overlooked, NHRIs and their staff are themselves human rights defenders, as acknowledged by the UN Special Rapporteur on HRDs and in the Marrakesh Declaration (see below). NHRI personnel in many countries in the Asia Pacific face risks of violence and reprisals, with some even paying the ultimate sacrifice for their commitment to human rights. Resource • 6 OHCHR, Factsheet 29 – Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend (2004) Engaging with Regional and International Actors Toolkit