Australian transgender and gender diverse children can now access stage two hormonal treatment without seeking court authorisation, due to a landmark court ruling in Re Kelvin.16 However, the removal of the requirement of court authorisation does not extend to children in the out-of-home care or youth justice systems.17 Since 2008, the number of infant deaths (children less than one year of age) has decreased. Since 2001, the death rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infants also decreased, but it is still almost twice the rate of all infants.18 There is still no regular national report on all causes of death for Australian children under the age of 18 years. Although the teenage birth rate is at a historic low, teenagers in rural and remote areas experience young parenthood at four times the rate of their metropolitan counterparts.19 Surveys of young people show that contraceptive knowledge is low. The misuse of drugs and alcohol is a major cause of preventable disease and illness in Australians. Government-funding remains primarily focused on law enforcement and treatment.20 Lack of data for children under the age of 18 years is a significant issue in terms of assessing drug and substance abuse.21 The practice of male circumcision is sometimes conducted for non-therapeutic purposes and infants are unable to give consent, giving rise to human rights concerns.22 Better data that distinguishes between therapeutic and nontherapeutic male circumcisions would enhance our understanding of male circumcision in Australia. 16