• Restrictions on the freedom of expression of athletes with respect to sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics, including through the display of the rainbow flag or other relevant signs and symbols at stadiums, Fanfests and related tournament sites. • The risk of conflict between athletes or spectator groups seeking to voice beliefs that represent negative or harmful views concerning LGBTQI+ people. • In 2019, Sport New Zealand released a report on building cultural inclusion in active recreation and sport, specifically among Muslim girls and women.60 The report confirmed that ‘spaces and activities that consider or accommodate Muslim women and girls also create a safe and engaging space for a much more diverse range of people’. Increasing the visibility of Muslim and other faith-based and ethnic minority players can help support young sports people to see opportunities for their own future. Stakeholders also highlighted the risks of a lack of cultural safety and intersectional racism against visible minorities, such as Muslim women and girls and young men of colour that may arise in stadia or Fanfest environments. A lack of all-gender bathrooms for accessibility. In Aotearoa New Zealand, some player facilities (which were originally designed for men’s teams) are in the process of being retrofitted to provide gender-neutral facilities. (ii) LGBTQI+ communities – risks of discrimination and exclusion Stakeholders noted the following issues as key risks to be addressed by FIFA: (e) Risks for spectators and the broader community (i) Ethnic and faith-based minorities – risk of discrimination and exclusion Spectator racism is an unfortunate feature of the Australian, Aotearoa New Zealand and international sporting landscape, affecting both players and spectators as well as the broader community. It is unclear to what extent this issue will present itself during the FWWC2023. Past experience shows that the women’s games tend to be more family-friendly, which may result in reduced spectator racism. Given the prominence of this human rights issue across Australasian sports, however, it remains an important issue for FIFA and the local operating entities to address comprehensively.58 In 2020, the AHRC was commissioned to undertake an independent review of racial equality in the sport of basketball and reported on this in the Racial Equality Review of Basketball Australia.59 Areas under investigation included exploration of the current structural barriers to achieving racial equality within Basketball Australia, as well as examination of the experiences of players, their families, coaches and staff. In this engagement, the AHRC heard about experiences of everyday racism and recommended actions to support a more inclusive culture in the sport. • The risk of transgender players facing discrimination under FIFA rules and being unable to participate in the tournament as set out in section 3.2(d) of this report. • Restrictions on the freedom of expression of spectators with respect to sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics, including through the display of the rainbow flag or other relevant signs and symbols at stadiums, Fanfests and related tournament sites. • The risk of conflict between spectator groups or athletes seeking to voice beliefs that represent negative or harmful views concerning LGBTQI+ people. • A lack of all-gender bathrooms for accessibility. Stakeholders identified allgender facilities for stadium audiences as a need. FIFA 2023 Women’s World Cup Human Rights Risk Assessment • 27