specified in the ICCPR. States parties also undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to the rights recognized in the ICCPR; ensure to victim of violation of rights an effective and enforceable remedy; and develop the possibility of judicial remedies. Status of Compliance with ICCPR Articles 7. Since Bangladesh has acceded to the ICCPR, it has obligation under international human rights law to implement its provision through adoption of legislative, policy and institutional measures. The Constitution of Bangladesh has guaranteed most of the civil and political rights under ICCPR as fundamental rights and has made provisions for enforcement of these rights through appropriate judicial means. The Constitution of Bangladesh has proclaimed that any law inconsistent with fundamental rights will be void to the extent of such inconsistency. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is the guardian of the constitution and as such, remains main institution and forum for providing remedies in case of violation of such rights. Judicial review under article 102 is the main mechanism for enforcement of fundamental rights under the constitution of Bangladesh. 8. Over the last two decades, the higher judiciary of Bangladesh has played a pro-active role in upholding the civil and political either in Public Interest Litigation (PIL) or suo moto exercise of its jurisdiction in case of illegal detention, violation of prisoners rights, custodial torture, enforced disappearance, equal protection of law and non-discrimination. The law enforcement agencies, prison system, the lower judiciary and prosecutors are also part of broad spectrum of a set of legal institutions which are concerned with enforcement of civil and political rights. Apart from these, institutional mechanisms like National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Law Commission, Anti-Corruption Commission, Information Commission are also related to implementation of the civil and political rights in Bangladesh. 9. However, despite these positive developments, full implementation of the provisions of the ICCPR remains a big challenge due to unabated custodial torture and death, enforced disappearance, unlawful detention, extra-judicial killing, attack on freedom of expression, thought, opinion by non-state actors, and attack on religious and ethnic minorities. Some of the key challenges in implementation of the ICCPR include: inadequate legal framework, administrative practices such as remand, torture and extra-judicial killing, unreasonable restrictions on some rights and conflicting laws. Key institutions such as judiciary, law-enforcing agencies and prison system needs reforms and orientation towards realization and respect for civil and political rights. Domestic legal framework of Bangladesh is not fully compatible with the norms of the ICCPR. Although most of the civil and political rights under the ICCPR have been guaranteed in the Constitution of Bangladesh as fundamental rights, Bangladesh made some reservations and declaration to the ICCPR to limit the application of ICCPR. For example, Bangladesh has made Declaration on Article 10, 11 and 14. The Declaration provides that so far as the first part of paragraph 3 of Article 10 relating to reformation and social rehabilitation of prisoners is concerned, Bangladesh does not have any facility to this effect on account of financial constraints and for lack of proper logistics support. But the last part of this paragraph relating to segregation of juvenile offenders from adults is a legal obligation under Bangladesh law and is followed accordingly. 5