Baseline Study an the Philippine Penal Conditions: Nurturing a Human Rights Based Approach to Penal Management ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ access to monitored payphones. They may also be allowed limited number of personal belongings like radio or a television set. It is ideal that in any inmate population, not more than 10% of the inmates wi ll be classified in this category. 29 Due to their higher risk levels, the number of inmates per cell in this ho using unit should NOT exceed two inmates (double celling). As such, Level Ill is a high-maintenance section of the jail or prison and it must be sparingly used. Custodial officers assigned in housing Level 111 must have training in handling high-risk inmates. Rehabilitation officers assigned in this housing level should have training on individual counseling and cognitive therapies. Inmate programs are geared towards cognitive change like psychotherapy, counseling, and substance detoxification. v. Level II housing (Medium Security) Level II housing is designed for inmates with moderate levels of risk and needs. The level of control on inmate activities is less restrictive compared to Level Ill inmates. Moderate surveillance is in place. Inmates are freer to move around and have more privileges compared to Level Ill inmates. For example, inmates may have free time of up to 8 hours, accept conjugal visitations once a week, and can maintain five items of personal belongings. 30 Inmate programs are more geared towards social equipping like livelihood, education, and prison industries. In any inmate population, it is ideal that around 60% of the inmates will be classified under this category. 31 The cell arrangement can be multi-occupancy where 6 to 8 inmates can form a basic unit. Programs can be implemented in the cells. Custodial officers assigned in this housing unit a re expected to serve as role models for the inmates. Rehabilitation officers must be knowledgeable in implementing group programs like community therapies and faith-based programs. Inmates with good behavior can be recruited as "Peer Mentors" and they can serve to assist rehabilitation officers in implementing the programs. These "Peer Mentors" must be properly selected, trained and groomed and w ill serve as role models for inmates. The "Peer Mentors" however will not be given custodial functions over other inmates. vi. Level I housing (Minimum Security) Level I housing is d esigned for inmates with low levels of risk and needs. Inmates who are nearing the completion of their sentences can also be transferred to Level 1 housing. There is minimal control on inmate activities. Inmates are allowed to roam freely within the prison/ jail premises. They may also be allowed w ork and home furloughs. Inmate programs are geared towards reintegration of inmates upon release like establishing ties with family, employment and community, and reaching out to victims. In any inmate population, it is ideal that 30% of the inmates are placed under this category. The cell arrangement can be cottage occupancy where 15 to 20 inmates can form a basic unit. Programs can be implemented on these cottages. Custodial officers assigned in this housing unit are expected to be role models. Rehabilitation officers must be equipped in implementing prisoner reentry programs. Like in the Level ll , "Peer Mentors" can be mobilized in the implementation of rehabilitation programs. vii. Special Housing Special housing placements shall be in place for inmates with psychological and medical health needs. Inmates in need of protective custody from other inmates or inmates who perennially violate the rules or engage in violence shall be placed in special housing unit (SHU). Inmates in Special housing units are single cells or 1 inmate per cell. 29 30 31 While the number of inmates assigned in a particular designated space depends on the characteristics of the inmates, it is prudent for penal facilities to plan ahead and designate cell spaces for a particular category of inmates. Ideally, a smaller number of inmates must fall under the category of high-risk inmates. See discussions in The American Prison, Imagini ng a Different Future (2014), a compendium of articles collated by Francis Cullen, Cherly Lero Johnson and Mary Stohr, and other the leading correctional scholars in the US and other developed countries. The number and type of items must be determined by the specific agencies depending on their unique context. Ideally, more inmates must fall under lower level category i nmates. 29