forces, and in particular, for use against other ICCs/IPs; nor recruit children of ICCs/IPs into the armed forces under any circumstance.” This includes recruitment into paramilitary groups that may be constituted to do directly what the military cannot. Resource Extraction-Induced Armed Conflict 75. That Lumad territories are targeted for resource extraction is not without historical precedents. Atty. Jake Dumagan of the NCIP testified that the exodus of Lumad and their seeking refuge at UCCP Haran in 2015 was a repeat of what happened in 1994. Then, Lumad opposition to the entry of Alcantara and Sons, Inc., a logging company, into their ancestral lands, generated tension. This led Salugpongan members to evacuate and seek refuge in the UCCP Compound. 76. The military denies being employed by private investors operating in ancestral domains. It clarifies that it has always maintained an investment defense force, a unit that secures private investments. Lt. Col. Obligado testified that the AFP is under orders to protect flagship projects involving energy, roads, and other infrastructure projects.75 77. In its Philippines 2014 Human Rights Report, the US State Department lamented that indigenous lands “were often sites of armed encounters often related to resource extraction and tribal claims.”76 The EU representatives in an international fact-finding mission to look at the case of IPs in Mindanao agreed that commercial activities of mining companies and other extractive industries in IP areas would erupt into armed conflict.77 78. The CPP-NPA is also accused of being involved in mining operations within the ancestral domains. A briefing paper on Lumad issues published by the Center for Social Action and Concern of De La Salle University quotes the Army’s 4th ID based in Cagayan De Oro, thus: The crux of the problem is the conflicting interests of parties to control the resources that are found in the IPs ancestral domain, particularly gold and other minerals. The communist NPA wants to control our IP communities because to them, they are a rich source of recruits. To them, the ancestral domain of our Lumad does not just give them men to fight for them but also the funds and other logistics to ensure their existence. The Lumad’s territories are rich in natural resources, especially minerals. This is the primary reason why their ancestral domains are encroached 75 TSN dated 25 September 2015 – P.M. Session, pp. 101-102; 104. 76 United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Philippines 2014 Human Rights Report in Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2014, at 34, accessed from http://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/236682.pdf. 77 International Federation for Human Rights and World Organisation Against Torture, The Philippines Human Rights Defenders at The Forefront Despite an Ongoing Culture of Violence and Impunity: International Fact-Finding Mission Report, February 2015, at 20. 18