26 development of human rights problems, eventually making it also difficult to examine clues for tackling these problems. Fifthly and finally, the methodology and forms of description used in existing factfinding studies on North Korean human rights tend to be of little value for capturing and considering the micro-structure and the ‘fine grains’ of human rights problems encountered by North Korean refugee women. In fact, most of the research on human rights violations against North Korean women conducted until now has focused only on discovering and conveying ‘incidents’ of human rights abuses. Research that concentrates only on incidents as such ignores the structure and developmental dynamics of human rights abuses as well as the question of actors (perpetrators/victims/witnesses/informants), thus increasing the risk of referring to human rights problems as existing independent of human beings. As a result it becomes difficult to move away from a perspective that ‘victimises’ women. Bearing in mind that limitations and violations of human rights have become structuralized as ‘enculturated forms’ within the incessant continuation of everyday life, it seems thus necessary to understand, first of all, the deep structures of everyday life in which incidents and situations of human rights infringements are constructed. To accomplish this, we need to develop a specific methodology which suits the task. The systematization of existing fact-finding studies allows us to propose several epistemological tasks for conducting fact-finding studies on human rights problems of North Korean refugee women. Firstly, it is deemed of great importance to carefully and appropriately trace ‘human rights problems specific to North Korean refugee women’ (i.e. human rights issues arising specifically for North Korean women only). Due to the fact that human rights issues constitute universal problems applicable to all mankind, it is not easy to isolate human rights problems that concern only North Korean refugee women in particular.