EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In implementing human rights, apart from having to deal with the limitations of human rights instruments in responding to developments in human rights problems, Komnas HAM RI also has to face the dynamics of change according to the socio-economic and political context of Indonesia. On the other hand, the existing reality shows that human rights legal instruments as legal norms are often limited in adapting to the occurring dynamics. Human rights legal instruments, when entering the 21st century, are faced with new human rights challenges that are complex, complicated, and interconnected between one new challenge and another. The complexity of new human rights challenges such as climate change, technological disruption, injustice due to globalization, erosion of the rule of law and democracy, migration, conflict and armed violence will have an impact on the situation of protecting and fulfilling human rights in the national context. These new human rights challenges will be felt differently and disproportionately for certain vulnerable groups in society. This situation gives rise to an expansion of the scope of promoting and protecting human rights along with the need for specific protection for vulnerable groups who have unique rights characteristics. At the same time, human rights norms must face the presence of new actors, especially corporations whose presence is paradoxical because they have potentials to strengthen and also weaken human rights. The interaction of global and national situations, the existence of vulnerable groups, and the presence of new actors give rise to rights claims with a diversity of rights and rights problems that will influence the mandate of Komnas HAM RI. Therefore, Komnas HAM RI has become an important and central actor as an intermediary institution whose role is to instill international human rights norms according to the local context and encourage the State (the Government) and corporate compliance with human rights values. Throughout 2023, Komnas HAM RI faced new human rights challenges because it coincides with the momentum for the 2024 General Election. However, Komnas HAM RI must face realities that will affect the mandate and agenda for protecting vulnerable groups which is a priority issue. The organization of the 2024 elections appears to be dominated by electoral political interests and partisan interests. This situation will certainly threaten the freedom of voting rights of citizens, especially vulnerable groups, most of whom have limited access, whether political, social or economic. Another implication from the electoral and partisan politics is the fact that it increasingly marginalizes crucial issues of human rights violations which are still a dark historical record in Indonesia. President Joko Widodo’s pledge which was always echoed during the campaign to resolve gross human rights violations in the past must be fulfilled so that what was promised is not submerged in political oblivion. The Government’s commitment to implementing a peaceful approach in resolving the complexity of human rights problems in Papua must continue to be challenged because the Government prioritizes infrastructure development. The complexity of Papua’s problems is not only affected by the Government policies which are articulated through a security approach. Human rights problems in Papua are also contributed by the interests of investors in various sectors such as mining, plantations, including PSN (National Strategic Projects). The combination of these various interests has the potential to perpetuate conflict and cycles of vio- Responding To New Challenges: Respecting, Protection, And Fulfillment Of Human Rights In 2023 vii