Article(s) of the CEDAW Article 1 CONSTITUTION: The term “discrimination against women” shall mean: A. 126 : Definition.—In Part III of the Constitution dealing with Fundamental Rights, “the State” includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities. Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of – impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women in respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.1 Article 2 States Parties to condemn discrimination against women in all its forms, and, to this end, undertake to: (a) Embody the principle of the equality of men and women in their national constitutions or other appropriate legislation; 9 Provisions in the Constitution of India, Legislations, Policies, Reports, and Judgements A. 147 : Ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the laws by the State. A. 158 : Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth(1) State not to discriminate on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen to be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition, on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth or any of them with regard to access to public spaces and facilities. (3) Empowers the State to make special provisions for women and children. (4) Empowers the State to make special provisions for the advancement of socially backward classes of citizens or Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. (5): ...... A.169 : Equality of Opportunity in matters of Public Employment(1) Ensures equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Gaps in the implementation of CEDAW in India (G) and its corresponding recommendations (R) The Constitution of India and legislations guarantee equality including making a provision for affirmative actions in favour of women; and especially prohibits discrimination against women, particularly in relation to State. However, in reality, women’s enjoyment and exercise of equal rights remain restricted in all spheres of life including social, economic, and political, among others. Some significant gaps in the realization of equality and non-discrimination along with the corresponding recommendations are as follows: G1: 48.5% of the Indian population is women, but only 27.4% of women are in the workforce. Women hold only 14.39% of seats in Lok Sabha (2019-2024)