applying universally. For example, article 26(1) of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 (UDHR) states that “[e]veryone has the right to education”. The term “education” is expressly defined in the Convention against Discrimination in Education (CADE), while several other international instruments set out the aims of education. The articulation of such aims can, however, be seen in a broader sense as defining the term “education”. Article 1(2) of the CADE defines education in wide and inclusive terms: For the purposes of this Convention, the term ‘education’ refers to all types and levels of education, and includes access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given. Rather than providing similar definitions, most human rights instruments set out the aims of education. The right to education in international instruments comprises the dual aspects of development of the individual and promotion of respect for human rights. Article 26(2) of UDHR provides that:12 Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Article 13(1) of the ICESCR reaffirms article 26(2) of the UDHR and adds two more aspects to the right to education: education shall be directed also to the sense of dignity of the human personality and education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society. The CRC expands on the dual aims of education further, touching on respect both for one’s own culture and nation and for other civilisations, as well as diversity in society and respect for the environment. Article 29(1) of the CRC requires the education of the child to be directed to: (a) The development of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential; (b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations; 12 The CADE expresses the aims of education in the same terms as the UDHR. See article 5(1) of the CADE set out in Appendix 1. 37