National Institution for Human Rights – Kingdom of Bahrain 1975 , as amended, concerning Public Health, which indicates health violations, the mechanism of dealing with such violations, health requirements, how to monitor public sources of water, control of health facilities, hotels, restaurants and public shops, and the penalties prescribed for violations. Decree-Law No. 14 of 1977 on Health Precautions for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases was enacted, followed by Decree-Law No. 7 of 1989 on Practicing Medicine and Dentistry, and DecreeLaw No. 16 of 1989 on Human Organs Transplants. With regard to the organization of pharmacy profession and pharmaceutical centers, Decree-Law 18 of 1997 was enacted. The legislation regarding the right to health also includes Law No. 8 of 2009 on Controlling Smoking and all Forms of Tobacco. 4. As regards international human rights instruments, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which was acceded to by the Kingdom of Bahrain under Law No. 10 of 2007, acknowledges in Article 12 the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. It also includes the steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right, including the reduction of the stillbirthrate and of infant mortality; the improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene; the prevention, treatment and control of all diseases; and the provision of medical service for patients. 5. The right to health is closely related to the realization of other human rights, including the right to food, housing, work, education, human dignity, life, non-discrimination, and equality, the prohibition of torture and privacy, and the right to organize. These rights and freedoms are inseparable from the right to health. 6. In addition, the patient has the right to adequate health care on the basis of his need without any discrimination in receiving such care. In this regard, the patient should recognize the identity of the physician, nurses, and his care providers. The patient should be adequately informed about the diagnosis of his illness and the plan treatment, using clear and understandable terminology and vocabulary. The patient’s inquiries should be answered, and interpretation services should be provided, when needed. In all cases, the patient’s privacy and the confidentiality of his information and medical statements should be maintained so as to be reviewed only by those directly concerned with his treatment. 7. The concept of the right to health is not limited to the individual’s right to enjoy good health, but extends to other freedoms and rights. Examples of freedoms are: the right to control one’s health and body, including the freedom to procreate, and to be safe from any interference such as torture, and medical treatment or medical experiments without consent. Rights include the right to take advantage of a health protection system, which provides for equality of opportunity for everyone to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health. 8. The State has an obligation to provide adequate public health and health care facilities and any associated service. This requires the provision of the fundamental elements of health, such as safe drinking water, hospitals, clinics, trained medical staff and professionals, and the essential drugs needed by the individual to cope with anything that may obstruct his right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health. The individual should enjoy this right through access to it from various aspects, such as non-discrimination. Everyone should have access to health facilities, goods and services, in particular most vulnerable categories. 9. Moreover, the right to health should be enjoyed, so that everyone can afford health facilities and services. Affordability should be based on the principle of fairness for 91