diffrcult conditions. This draws attention to how the recommendations need to first of all be grounded in a solid understanding of the root causes of forced migration which create the basic conditions for migrant rights violations. Addressing these root causes and implementing policies that prevent forced migration are vital, and should proceed astride more immediate efforts to advance migrant rights. Other key points include the need to rigorously recognize and protect migrant victims, and the need to keep on developing regional cooperation. Recommendations for Governrnents l) Ensure that there is effective, continuous and frequent monitoring of the various aspects of migrant rights and welfare. This information includes their basic profiles, relevant characteristics of destination countries, extent of realization of their rights, state of the governmental machinery and resources addressing rnigrant needs, and 2) others. Pursue bilateral and regional agreements with goveflrments of sending/host countries that ensure the protection and upholding of migrant rights and welfare. This also means reviewing and, if necessary amending current agreements that do not respect, protect and fulfiImigrants' rights. 3) Ratily UN treaties and conventions as well as other international instrurnents such as of the tLO and others that advance migrants' rights. A tirnetable of for instance five years can be set for ratifying or otherwise acceding to these international instruments 4) Establish national and even regional mechanisms to help ensure the compliance with of international treaties/conventions and national laws that protect respect, and fulfiI1migrants'rights. Among others this can include monitoring and watchdog institutions rspecially with close linkages with civil society organizations - operating in an environment of transparency, openness and with democratic rights to assemble and protest. and the implementation 5) Expand access to justice at the same time as minimizing or even eradicating barriers to justice. This can be meaningfully attained by: a. Creating special courts for migrants rights violations towards the speedy prosecution and resolution of cases, particularly involving trafficking, illegal recruitment- abuse and maltreatmentl b. Ensuring swift and determined prosecution of violators; c. Giving particular attention to d. Ensuring region; that there are legal gender-sensitive and child-friendly mechanisms; attaches steeped in human rights in ernbassies in the 55