Indicators and benchmarks 85. The United Nations has also confirmed that progressive realisation of the right to a decent home, or the lack of it, can and should be tracked by using suitable indicators and benchmarks.30 The indicators require disaggregation on prohibited grounds of discrimination, such as ethnicity, disability, gender and age. 86. By way of Tiriti partnership and a consultative process, attention should be given to identifying suitable national indicators for the right to a decent home in Aotearoa. The indicators will have to reflect Te Ao Māori, tikanga and Te Tiriti. 87. Additionally, communities should be encouraged to identify indicators that are meaningful in their neighbourhoods. In this way, communities can hold accountable those who are responsible for the right to a decent home in their localities. Core obligations of immediate effect 88. The United Nations recognises some features of the right to a decent home are so important that they give rise to core obligations of immediate effect i.e. these features are not subject to progressive realisation over time. For example, the obligation of the government to refrain from direct discrimination against disabled people is not subject to progressive realisation, it is a core obligation of immediate effect. Another core obligation of immediate effect is the obligation to provide temporary emergency housing for people who are homeless as they transition to a decent home which enjoys the key features highlighted in these Guidelines (section 3).31 89. The following sub-section ‘Obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights’ explains that some types of human rights obligations are more costly than others. For example, obligations to respect (which are largely negative obligations), are less costly than obligations to fulfil (which are positive obligations subject to progressive realisation). This distinction is important in the context of core obligations. Core obligations usually include respect obligations (e.g. the obligation to refrain from direct discrimination against disabled people) and less often include fulfil obligations (e.g. obligations with significant budgetary implications). Nonetheless, core obligations occasionally extend to positive obligations with budgetary implications, such as the provision of temporary emergency (i.e. transitional) housing for people who are homeless. As the United Nations puts it, without such core obligations human rights law “would be largely deprived of its raison d’être.”32 90. By way of Tiriti partnership and a consultative process, attention should be given to elaborating the core obligations of immediate effect of the right to a decent home in Aotearoa. Section 4: Obligations and Violations 33