88 C Stringer, Worker Exploitation in New Zealand: A Troubling Landscape, Human Trafficking Research Coalition December 2016 accessed: http://img.scoop.co.nz/media/pdfs/1612/Worker_Exploitation_in_New_Zealand_Stringer.pdf. 89 Ibid. pp vii-ix. 90 Adopted by resolution A/RES/55/25 of 15 November 2000 at the fifty-fifth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, Ratified by New Zealand on 19 July 2002, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&clang=_en#5. 91 Supra note 88. 92 Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Parliament of Australia, Inquiry into a Modern Slavery Act in Australia; https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Foreign_Affairs_Defence_and_Trade/Modern Slavery/Interim_Report/section?id=committees%2Freportjnt%2F024092%2F24952. 93 See B Easton, Does Income Inequality reduce Equality of Opportunity, 29 June 2015: http://pundit.co.nz/content/does-income-inequality-reduce-equality-of-opportunity - this notes that the level of base income recommended by the 1972 Royal Commission on Social Security would be $442 per week in today’s prices. The 1991 budget cut this to the equivalent of $301 per week. 94 Section 117, Social Security Act 1964 – the sanctions impose, among other things, a 50% reduction in the benefit payment until re-compliance for the first instance of non-compliance with an obligation, suspension of the benefit for a second instance of non-compliance, and cancellation of the benefit for the third instance. 95 https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/94921227/benefit-sanctions-see-17700-children-of-solo-parents-lose-up-to28-a-child-a-week. 96 http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2017/09/benefit-sanctions-actually-linked-to-long-termwelfare-dependency.html. 97 OECD, Economic Surveys New Zealand: Overview (June 2015). 98 Defined as households with income 60% or less of New Zealand’s median household income, adjusted after housing costs, tax and for family size and type – see Child Poverty Monitor 2017, http://www.childpoverty.co.nz/flow-infographics/income-poverty-2016. 99 http://www.nzchildren.co.nz/. 100 SUPERU reports that solo parents (72% of whom are women) are 70 times more likely to be socially deprivedsee Social Policy Evaluation and Research Unit, 2016 Families and Whanau Status Report, p 33, http://www.superu.govt.nz/sites/default/files/F%26W%20Status%20Report%202016_0.pdf; http://www.nzchildren.co.nz/ 101 http://www.nzchildren.co.nz 102 Ibid. 103 Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty, Solutions to Child Poverty in New Zealand: Evidence for Action, p 2, http://www.occ.org.nz/assets/Uploads/EAG/Final-report/Final-report-Solutions-to-child-povertyevidence-for-action.pdf. 104 http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill/government/2018/0014/latest/d56e2.html. 105 Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty; Working Paper No 6; http://www.occ.org.nz/publications/expert-advisory-group/eag-working-paper-no-6-legislative-mechanisms-toreduce-child-poverty/. 106 Howden-Chapman P, Home Truths: Confronting New Zealand’s Housing Crisis. Wellington (NZ), Bridget Williams Books, 2015, endnote 35, p. 97, from K Amore, Severe Housing Deprivation 2001-2013, He Kainga Oranga/Housing and Health Research Programme, Wellington. 107 A Stocktake of New Zealand’s Housing – February 2018: Key Findings and Solutions, 108 K Amore, Severe Housing Deprivation 2001-2013, He Kainga Oranga/Housing and Health Research Programme, Wellington p 3. 109 Māori make up 15% of the New Zealand population, yet 34.5% of Māori live with severe housing deprivation’ see Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, (July, 2014), He Whare Āhuru, he Oranga Tāngata: Māori Housing Strategy 2014 - 2025, at p 4. Pasifika make up 7 % of the population but comprise 25% of those who live with severe housing deprivation – see University of Otago, Severe Housing Deprivation: The problem and its measurement (2013). 39