outcomes for Māori children.70 Māori children are disproportionately subject to statutory care and protection interventions and constitute over 55 percent of children in state care.71 “Hate crimes” 62. The absence of centralised data about “hate crimes” other than violence against women and children, including violence directed at individuals and groups because of their personal characteristic, has been a matter of serious and ongoing concern to the Commission.72 Data on both hate-motivated incidents and “hate crimes” provide important indicators of the state of public security and actual levels of violence affecting communities. Such data can also provide a platform for developing and implementing effective strategies for preventing future violence. The absence of this information hinders the ability to take steps improve the safety of vulnerable groups within our community. Recommendation 13 a. Report back within 12 months on progress made to address violence and abuse against women and girls with data disaggregated by race, gender, disability, sexual orientation and age. b. Urgently introduce a system for the collection of data on hate motivated crimes disaggregated by race, disability, sexual orientation and gender identity. Protection from Discrimination ICESCR Arts: 2 | 3 | 7 LOIPR Paras: 10 | 12 SDGs: 5 | 19 Gender Equality in Pay 63. In September 2017, the gender pay gap was 9.4%. 73 While the gender pay gap has reduced since the 1990s, being 16.3% in 1998, it has stagnated in the last decade fluctuating between 12.5% and 9.1% between 2008-2017.74 64. New Zealand has one of the narrowest gender pay gaps in the OECD. However, a recent report found that on average, New Zealand women still earn $608,000 less than men over their entire lifetime. This has implications for the amount of money 21