Children Children (aged under 18 years) are identified as being as particularly vulnerable to the ill effects of solitary confinement, for whom solitary confinement may constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Human rights standards and international human rights bodies call for an end to the practice of isolating children. Rule 67 of the 1990 United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (Havana Rules) specifically states that: All disciplinary measures constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment shall be strictly prohibited, including corporal punishment, placement in a dark cell, closed or solitary confinement, or any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health of the juvenile concerned. The reduction of diet and the restriction or denial of contact with family members should be prohibited for any purpose. The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture noted that:62 United Nations treaty bodies consistently recommend that juvenile offenders, children or minors should not be subjected to solitary confinement (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, para. 8; CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 185; CRC/C/15/Add.151, para. 41; and CRC/C/15/Add.232, para. 36 (a)). Juveniles are often held in solitary confinement either as a disciplinary measure, or to separate them from the adult inmate population, as international human rights law prohibits the intermingling of juvenile and adult prison populations. Regrettably, solitary confinement as a form of punishment of juvenile detainees has been prevalent in States such as Jamaica (A/HRC/16/52/Add.3, para. 211), Paraguay (A/HRC/7/3/Add.3, appendix I, para. 46) and Papua New Guinea (A/HRC/16/52/Add.5, appendix). In regard to disciplinary measures, a report has indicated that solitary confinement does not reduce violence among juvenile offenders detained in the youth prison. The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, the body that monitors the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), stated that any disciplinary measure must be consistent with the inherent dignity of the juvenile and with Article 37 of the CRC. 63 Article 37 prohibits torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or 62 United Nations General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture A/HRC/22/53 1 February 2013 63 72 CRC/C/GC/10, 25 April 2007. (section 89). See for example United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding Observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of Luxembourg, adopted by the Committee at its sixty-fourth session (16 September–4 October 2013). Vienna: United Nations; October 29, 2013. Report No.: CRC/C/LUX/CO/3-4