MANUAL PESERTA MODUL PELATIHAN NPM 5 LEMBAGA 1. No one shall be subjected to physical or psychological torture or to cruel, degrading, humiliating or inhuman treatment. 2. Each State party shall protect every individual subject to its jurisdiction from such practices and shall take effective measures to prevent them. The commission of, or participation in, such acts shall be regarded as crimes that are punishable by law and not subject to any statute of limitations. Each State party shall guarantee in its legal system redress for any victim of torture and the right to rehabilitation and compensation.”14 Dalam hukum humaniter internasional penyiksaan tegas dilarang, sebagaimana diatur dalam Konvensi Jenewa 1949 (the Geneva Convention of 1949) dan Protokol Tambahan (additional Protocols) 8 Juni 1977.15 Pasal 17 Konvensi Jenewa Ketiga menyatakan: “No physical or mental torture, nor any other form of coercion, may be inflicted on prisoners of war to secure from them information of any kind whatever. Prisoners of war who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind.”16 Demikian pula dengan Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention, menyatakan “violence to life, and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture” adalah dilarang dalam situasi apapun.17 Dalam konflik bersenjata internasional, penyiksaan dikategorikan sebagai pelanggaran berat dan kejahatan perang,18 sementara dalam konflik bersenjata non-internasional, penyiksaan dikategorikan sebagai pelanggaran yang serius. Kejahatan penyiksaan menjadi salah satu kejahatan dasar (underlying acts/offences) dari Kejahatan terhadap Kemanusiaan, sebagaimana diatur salam Statuta Roma 1998 (Rome Statute 1998) untuk Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (the International Criminal Court/ ICC). Statuta ini mendefinisikan penyiksaan, dengan perumusan: “the intentional infliction of severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, upon a person in the custody or under the control of the accused; except that torture shall not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions.”19 14. League of Arab States, Arab Charter on Human Rights, 15 September 1994, pasal 8. 15. International Committee of the Redcross, “What Does the Law Say about Torture?”, ICRC, 24 Juni 2011 <https://www.icrc.org/eng/ resources/documents/faq/torture-law-2011-06-24.htm>. 16. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Third Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 135, pasal 17. 17. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Third Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 135, Pasal 3(1)(a). 18. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 Juni 1977, 1125 UNTS 3, Pasal 85. 19. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 Juli 1998, ISBN No. 92-9227-227-6, Pasal 7(2)(e). | 40