intersectional experiences and harms, they can respond meaningfully to the breadth and complexity of racism. The Study actively invites participants with experiences of intersectional marginalisation and will undertake data analysis to build a rich, intersectional picture of experiences of racism. (v) Focus on the Systemic Nature of Racism To address racism in a meaningful way, we need to understand the different ways it operates. Racism is more than just interpersonal racism. Focusing on interpersonal racism alone means that a person who doesn’t engage in interpersonal racism may feel there is no more to be done to eliminate racism. This is not the case. Racism is often a process by which systems, policies, actions and institutions create inequitable opportunities and outcomes for people based on race. The Study is designed to investigate systemic racism within universities, enabling institutional and systemic reform. (b) Privacy and Confidentiality Privacy and confidentiality are paramount to Study design, ensuring the integrity of the research and adhering to ethical and legal standards. Racism is a sensitive and potentially traumatic topic, and participants may be concerned about discrimination or other negative consequences. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality encourages open discussions, enabling researchers to gather accurate and comprehensive data. The Commission collects and handles personal information in accordance with the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), the Archives Act 1983 (Cth) and its Privacy Policy. Section 49(1) of the AHRC Act makes it a criminal offence for Commission staff to disclose, without legal justification, any information relating to the affairs of another person acquired in the course of the Commission’s work. The penalty for a breach of s 49(1) of the AHRC Act is 50 penalty units or imprisonment for 1 year, or both. Survey participation will be anonymous, therefore minimising risks relating to confidentiality and privacy. Confidentiality will be further ensured by the removal and destruction of any Personally Identifiable Information from survey open-text data, if a participant has provided such information. The fieldwork provider(s) will be responsible for protecting the confidentiality and privacy and ensuring secure storage of the survey data in compliance with the Privacy Act 1988 and the Australian Privacy Principles and agreed security protocols. 56