FROM BONDAGE TO FREEDOM regarding laborers laid down in the two ILO Conventions. But the worrying point is that primarily emigration countries where migrants originate have ratified it since 1993. So far none of major host countries of migrants or immigrants has ratified the Convention. This has to be seen in the background that the number of people living and working outside their countries of origin has doubled since 1975 to a global total of 175 million representing about 3 per cent of world’s population 83 . This Convention can only be helpful if the world’s host countries ratify the convention and promise to provide protection to the migrant workers. x) ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour, 1930 The definition of forced or compulsory labour was first articulated in the 1930 ILO Forced Labour Convention84. Under the 1930 Convention, the term refers to “all work or service that is extracted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered him voluntarily”85. The 1930 Convention requires the criminalization of forced or compulsory labour86 in all 83 84 85 86 45 • Minimum standards with regard to verification of identity, arrest, detention. (Article 16(39)) • Minimum standards with regard to the labour conditions of migrant workers, remuneration, medical care and social security. (Article 25-30) • For documented migrants, the right to form associations and trade unions to protect their economic, social, cultural and other interests. (Article 40) ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour, 1930 • States to suppress use of forced or compulsory labour within shortest possible period. (Article 1) • Forced or compulsory labour is all work or service, which is extracted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered voluntarily (Article 2). The International Migration Report, 2002, United Nation Population Division, UN Publication, New York. Also available at www.un.org/esa/population/publications/ittmig2002/ ittmigrep2002.htm-9kThe ILO definition would apply, for example, to the reference of forced labour contained in the Trafficking Protocol. ILO Convention No. 29 concerning forced or Compulsory Labour (1930) International Labour Conventions and Recommendations Vol. I, pp. 115-124, Article 2. ILO Convention No. 29 concerning forced or compulsory labour (1930), Article 25.