FROM BONDAGE TO FREEDOM 35 Women and Children for Prostitution, 2000 are the thematic instruments on the issue of trafficking and hence would be analyzed in detail in separate chapters. This section therefore will focus only on other international instruments that provide basis for the special laws on trafficking. i) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948. The United Nations Charter, which played a catalyst role in the human rights movement world over failed some how to define the fundamental freedoms and human rights. This task was fulfilled by the UDHR, adopted by the General Assembly on December 10, 194877, which elucidated the Charter provisions and defined expressly certain human rights and fundamental freedoms, which need to be protected. The Declaration is not a legally enforceable instrument, though some of the rights mentioned has become part of customary international law, “others are merely general principles of law and represent elementary consideration of humanity”78. The rights enshrined in the Declaration in its 30 Articles are broadly divided into civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. This Declaration, along with two other human rights Covenants that were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1966, have today become the backbones of human rights jurisprudence the world-over. The rights enshrined in the Declaration are set “as a common standard of achievement for all people and all nations”. It is expected that States shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, both at national and international levels, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance. i) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 (ICCPR) This Covenant elaborates the political and civil rights identified in the Universal Declaration, which include the right to life, privacy, fair trial, freedom of religion, freedom from torture and equality before the law. All these rights represent the first generation of human rights that are based on natural rights philosophy of the eighteenth century thinkers, like Rousseau. Some of the rights mentioned in the Covenant can be suspended in times of ‘public emergency which threatens the life of the 77 GA Res. 217 (III), GAOR, 3rd Sess, official Records, Part I, Resolutions, p.71. 78 Cf. Corfu Channel Case (Merits) (1949) ICJ Rep., p.4 at 22.