FROM BONDAGE TO FREEDOM 16 which reinforces gender biases – quite specifically, that women and girls need constant male protection from harm and therefore must not be allowed their right to movement or right to live in any manner they choose36. ii) Curbing migration makes trafficking go more invisible and leads to exacerbation of the conditions of the victims of trafficking. iii) Equating migration with trafficking, also rules outs voluntary migration. This logic results in viewing all consensual migrating females as trafficked37. iv) Strict adherence to above policy leads to “presumptive refoulement” of smuggled and renders their right to asylum null and void. Therefore, while viewing trafficking one must bear in mind that it does not become an offence because of movement per se but because of brokering, fraud, coercion and exploitative conditions of work38. At the same time while dealing with irregular migration and trafficking, rights of refugees, who may take recourse to irregular migration or who may become victim of trafficking, need to be protected. Also one needs to make a clear distinction between trafficking and smuggling. Human trafficking involves deceiving or coercing someone to move either within a country or abroad, through legal or illegal channels and enslaving him or her. Smuggling is about assisting some one for a fee to cross a border illegally. F. Factors Contributing to Vulnerability to Trafficking In order to tackle the problem of trafficking holistically, it is important to have a complete understanding of the factors responsible for trafficking. These factors need to be seen at global, regional and local levels also as pull or push factors. Some of these factors have been generalized below: 36 Supra note 25, pp. 2-3. 37 Ibid. 38 Ibid.