FROM BONDAGE TO FREEDOM 13 She proposed a definition of trafficking, which should have following elements: i) the lack of consent; ii) the brokering of human beings; iii) the transport; and iv) the exploitative or servile conditions of the work or relationship Thus, any definition of trafficking must capture these elements. The definition, which Coomaraswamy proposed and which was accepted by the Commission on Human Rights, is: “Trafficking in persons means the recruitment, transportation, purchase, sale, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons: (i) by threat or use of violence, abduction, force, fraud, deception or coercion (including the abuse of authority), or debt bondage, for the purpose of: (ii) placing or holding such person, whether for pay or not, in forced labour or slavery-like practices, in a community other than the one in which such person lived at the time of the original act described in (i)” It comes out from the definition that it covers all persons involved in the trafficking chain: those at the beginning of the chain, who provide or sell the trafficked person, and those at the end of the chain, who receive or purchase the trafficked person, hold the trafficked person in forced labour and profit from that labour. Criminalizing the activities of all parties involved throughout the process of trafficking would facilitate efforts to prevent trafficking and punish traffickers. The Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women (GAATW), the International Human Rights Law Group and the Foundation Against Trafficking in Women, in conjunction with other NGOs worldwide, developed a definition of trafficking based on their collective experience. This definition is given in Human Rights Standards for Treatment of Trafficked Persons (HRS)31 in Chapter 2 as: 31 Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, Foundation Against Trafficking in Women, International Human Rights Law Group, Human Rights Standards for the Treatment of Trafficked Persons, Bangkok, 1999. Also available on www.globalrights.org