｜Chapter 4｜ Reactions and Considerations towards Hate Speech [Effects] It is necessary to identify whether an insult, belittlement, contempt, or threat has actually violated the human rights and dignity of the target, have brought about a discriminatory atmosphere or hostility for the public by leading and causing discrimination and violence towards the subjects, or have led to actual effects that justified the discrimination towards the subjects and encouraged or reinforced the discrimination through hate speech. If such malicious effects are present, stronger regulations should be justified. In particular, the general international trend is to enforce criminal penalties under certain conditions for hate speech that has led to actual actions of discrimination, hostility, or violence, or has a great possibility of leading to such activities. 58