｜Chapter 2｜ Concept and Types of Hate Speech encouraging, aggravating, advertising, or inciting discrimination or violence by inducing the public to feel hatred and hostility towards a particular group. Major examples of such expressions include “Expel the cockroach Joseon people!” directed towards Joseon people residing in Japan and requesting the government to “Expel all refugees at once!” Inciting hate speech leads to discrimination and violence for the whole society. This is because inciting hate speech appeals to others to participate in the discrimination and violence. As this causes discrimination and violence that is prohibited by law and breaks the peaceful coexistence of various members of the society, inciting hate speech is the malicious type of hate speech. In addition, although insulting hate speech may be expressed without particular intentions, inciting hate speech is considered to be more malicious, as its intention is to directly attack the target group. Most regulations in countries with legislation on hate speech are related to the incitement of discrimination and violence. However, the differences between insulting hate speech and inciting hate speech are not always clear. Although the incitement of discrimination seeks the participation of the public, the target group may feel more threatened from the process. Although the statement “Expel the refugees” may be targeted at the government and the public, it may also make refugees feel threatened. In addition, statements for insulting purposes may lead to incitement for the public. For example, “Dirty” may fall under insulting hate speech and “Expel them” may be an inciting hate speech, but the word “Dirty” may lead to the effects of “Expel them.” 20