｜Chapter 2｜ Concept and Types of Hate Speech 3) Words, Actions, and other Behaviors of Expression Hate speech consists of words and actions that publicly express prejudice and hostility towards a certain group, as mentioned above. Expression is a type of communication used to deliver one’s thoughts to the public. Therefore, expression includes not only words and text, but also body language, symbols, and drawings. For example, waving the Nazi flag in Europe is a major example of hate speech. In some cases, it may be possible to express negative beliefs or prejudices without directly act, such as through ignorance or silence. Hate speech may appear as the stating of a fact or the expression of one’s personal thoughts and opinions about a certain group. As mentioned above, it may be possible for factual information with objective numbers such as statistics to become hate speech that encourage negative beliefs and prejudices towards a target group. Therefore, “factual” information may also be hate speech. Here, “factual” may refer to false information or facts expressed without a consideration of their context. For example, it is false that “migrant workers receive welfare benefits without paying taxes.” According to the National Tax Service, over 10 million migrant workers have reported an income tax of 840.7 billion KRW (as of 2017). The distribution of false information is also hate speech that reinforces prejudice against a particular group. It is also false that the rate of crimes committed by foreigners is high in Korea. According to the Korea Institute of Criminology, the rate of crimes committed by foreigners is less than half of that of Koreans. However, what if some statistics do show higher crime rates for foreigners? In the United States, for example, the crime rates of African Americans are higher in some areas, but this may be because African Americans are more 16