｜Chapter 2｜ Concept and Types of Hate Speech groups. Therefore, hate speech is a problem of “discrimination” and is different from general curses or criticisms. It is possible to clearly define the concept of hate speech by describing its contents and effects. The concept of hate speech is summarized in the following. ■ Hate Speech: Expressions that 1. Insult, degrade, abuse, or threaten or 2. Advertise or incite discrimination and violence to justify, encourage, and reinforce discrimination towards a certain individual or group due to gender, disabilities, religion, age, birthplace, race, or sexual orientation Here, “insult, degrade, abuse, or threaten” includes comparing a particular group to repulsive things, showing negative prejudices against the group, or threatening them with curses. “Advertise or incite discrimination and violence” refers to behaviors that spread or encourage discrimination and violence against a target group. 2. Factors of Hate Speech 1) Groups with Particular Characteristics The subjects of hate speech are groups who face discrimination due to particular characteristics. They are also called “target groups” of hate speech, referring to “developed” groups based on the characteristics or concepts society 12