｜Chapter 2｜ Concept and Types of Hate Speech 1. Concept of Hate Speech The general definition of hate is an intense, passionate dislike of something or someone. Generally, hate refers to situations in which someone feels repulsed by something or does not wish to be near something. However, “hate” as a social phenomenon does not simply refer to personal emotions. This is evidenced by national and international discussions about the regulation of hate speech. The major national and international discussions on the concept of hate speech may be summarized as follows. ■ Instillation of racial, ethnic, or religious hate that can cause discrimination, hostility, or violence (Article 20, No. 2 of the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ) ■ All propaganda and all organizations that are based on ideas or theories of superiority of one race or group of persons of one color or ethnic origin, or that attempt to justify or promote racial hatred and discrimination in any form (Article 4, UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination) ■ Any kind of communication in speech, writing, or behavior that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, color, descent, gender, or other identity factor (United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech) ■ Denigration that is based on “race,” skin color, language, religion, or beliefs, country or ethnicity of origin, bloodlines, age, disabilities, gender, sex, sexual 10