｜Chapter 1｜ Introduction of the Phenomenon of Hate As such, hatred that has been used as a method of control touches on existing social and cultural discrimination. The concept of a single nation does not accept differences or diversity but supports uniformity and conformity. Confucian patriarchist beliefs based on authoritarian control consider discrimination according to gender and age as part of “social ethics” and cast sexual minorities and those with disabilities as “invisible” or “unrecognized.” 2) Hate as a Social Pathological Phenomenon Another type of hate has recently drawn attention. The majority of this kind of hate stems from the rise of human rights awareness centered on equality, along with democratization. Existing discrimination along the lines of gender, disability, age, or birthplace was renamed “hate” and attempts were made to seek fundamental solutions to such discrimination. However, the phenomenon of hate has been reinforced due to increased socioeconomic injustice from rapid industrialization. Scapegoats are used to relieve or alleviate anxiety or discontent when polarization occurs. The public identifies the differences and distinctions of underprivileged groups and classifies them into categories such as women, sexual minorities, and migrants. These people are then attacked as a single group. Underprivileged groups are assigned characteristics defined as inferior or are excluded from society by inducing fear that they will bring about social risks. In some cases, national measures to remedy existing discrimination are criticized as “reverse discrimination” to spread hate and hostility towards groups facing discrimination. 6