Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis of the National Human Rights Institutions in South Asia vii } Capacity and Resource Gaps and Future Needs NHRIs face significant resource constraints, including financial, human, and technical limitations, which hinder their engagement in CCMA initiatives. There is a pressing need for specialised training, monitoring tools, and international support to enhance their capacities. The identified gaps, such as a lack of specialised expertise, frameworks, and financial resources, impede effective monitoring and reporting of climate-related human rights issues. Gap Analysis Overview All NHRIs covered in the analysis reported varying degrees of challenges in effectively monitoring, investigating, and reporting on climate-related human rights issues, including the human mobility dimension, due to a lack of specialised expertise, resources, and frameworks, as well as security barriers, and lack of political support. This results in insufficient integration of climate impacts into human rights monitoring, weak investigative capabilities, and a lack of coordinated reporting mechanisms. Additionally, financial constraints further hinder NHRIs’ ability to conduct comprehensive climate-related promotional functions, including essential training and capacity-building efforts. Gaps in Practice NHRIs face noteworthy challenges in effectively engaging with diverse stakeholders, particularly vulnerable communities such as tribal and displaced populations. Their limited collaboration with EHRDs and the absence of climate change experts weakens proactive engagement. Additionally, all NHRIs reported that they lack mechanisms to monitor and assess the human rights impacts of climate change on marginalised groups, resulting in insufficient capacity to connect climate change to human rights violations and limiting public participation. The inadequate engagement with climate-focused civil society organisations (CSOs) as well as bureaucratic barriers further restrict partnerships that could enhance joint monitoring and advocacy efforts. Moreover, minimal NHRIs involvement in international climate forums leads to missed opportunities for contributing to global discussions and integrating human rights into national and international climate frameworks. Gaps in Impact NHRIs face challenges in effectively monitoring and reporting on climate-related human rights issues, which hinders their ability to provide comprehensive, rights-based recommendations for climate adaptation and mitigation measures. While they acknowledge the importance of gender considerations, NHRIs do not adequately integrate these issues into their climate initiatives, limiting their effectiveness in addressing the vulnerabilities of marginalised communities and groups. Additionally, NHRIs lack the capacity to protect EHRDs, and