Empowering National Human Rights Institutions to Advance Rights-Based Climate Action 49 enhancing training opportunities, these institutions can play a vital role in addressing the human rights challenges posed by climate change in their respective countries. 4.3. Gap Analysis The current Gap Analysis also attempted to map out the current practices of the six targeted NHRIs in their current practice of monitoring, investigating, reporting, and advising on CCMA initiatives to identify gaps in practice (As-Is) and the desired state (To-Be). This analysis of the six targeted NHRIs in South Asia in their current practice of monitoring, investigating, reporting, and advising on CCMA initiatives reveals significant shortcomings. While many NHRIs have the mandate to monitor human rights, they often lack the specialised expertise, resources, and frameworks necessary to address the complex and evolving challenges and human rights impacts posed by climate change. The most prominent gaps include limited integration of climate-related human rights impacts in monitoring processes, insufficient investigative capabilities to assess climate-related rights violations, and a lack of coordinated reporting mechanisms linking climate action to human rights obligations. Additionally, NHRIs’ advisory roles are hindered by inadequate political engagement and insufficient collaboration with climate and environmental stakeholders, resulting in missed opportunities to influence CCMA policies effectively. Bridging these gaps requires capacity building, enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, and the development of specialised tools and guidelines for integrating human rights considerations into climate action. A. Gaps in Capacity and Resources Gaps in NHRIs capacity and resources have been analysed using the broad categories of human resources, knowledge and skills, internal policies, procedures and guidelines, as well as the technical tools and mechanisms that are required for NHRIs to effectively engage in CCMA initiatives as human rights monitoring bodies. } Knowledge and Skills All six NHRIs identified that they have significant gaps in knowledge and skills needed to address climate change and its intersection with human rights. In NHRC Nepal and HRCSL, there is a notable lack of expertise in linking climate change to human rights, which hinders effective monitoring and reporting on these issues. The broader understanding of how climate change affects human rights, particularly gender dimensions, is also insufficient. Many NHRIs, such as those in the Maldives and Sri Lanka, indicated that they lack the capacity to identify and