Empowering National Human Rights Institutions to Advance Rights-Based Climate Action 39 climate action issues. Despite HRCM having established a network for NGOs/CSOs and is developing a policy strategy for enhancing engagement with civil society and HRDs, there is no formal support or remedies mechanism for individual defenders working on climaterelated concerns. This lack of recognition and low support poses challenges for defenders striving to advocate for their communities in the face of climate threats. NHRC Nepal has made strides in supporting HRDs, particularly those engaged in environmental issues. The NHRC has proposed a bill aimed at protecting the rights of defenders and is increasingly advocating for the recognition and safety of EHRDs. By providing human rights education and responding to threats, the NHRC demonstrates its commitment to safeguarding those who champion climate-related causes. However, ongoing challenges remain, including the need for better engagement with government entities and resources to effectively protect these individuals. NCHR Pakistan serves as a bridge between civil society organisations and the government, facilitating collaboration on climate-related issues. While HRDs face threats globally, those working in Pakistan, particularly on climate issues, report relatively few significant restrictions or pressures. Local CSOs often operate without serious threats, while those reliant on international funding navigate a complex registration process that may involve security concerns. This relative safety for defenders allows for ongoing advocacy and collaboration during climate-related crises. In Sri Lanka, HRCSL recognises the importance of collaborating with HRDs, especially in environmental contexts. Following an environmental disaster, the Commission conducted inquiries involving defenders, reinforcing their role in addressing environmental issues. However, EHRDs in Sri Lanka encounter threats and political pressures, particularly from powerful individuals linked to law enforcement. HRCSL has mechanisms to provide support and legal remedies to defenders, indicating a commitment to addressing the challenges they face. Across all these NHRIs, common themes include the necessity for protective measures for HRDs, including EHRDs, and the need for effective channels to address violations. While some NHRIs, like those in India and Nepal, actively engage and support EHRDs, others, like the Maldives, face challenges in recognition and support. This inconsistency highlights the importance of fostering an environment that promotes the safety and effectiveness of defenders engaged in climate advocacy. In aggregate, the experience of all six NHRIs illustrate the critical role these institutions play in protecting EHRDs and ensuring access to remedies. Strengthening the mechanisms for safeguarding defenders, recognising their contributions, and enhancing collaboration with civil society are essential steps to uphold human rights in the context of CCMA efforts.