Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis of the National Human Rights Institutions in South Asia 22 National Human Rights Commission of India The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA) of 1993.66 The NHRC was set up as an independent statutory body to promote and protect human rights in India, in accordance with the country’s Constitution and the international human rights instruments to which India is a party. NHRC’s mandate includes investigating human rights violations, providing recommendations to the government on strengthening laws, and promoting human rights awareness and education. It is empowered to take suo moto cognisance of human rights violations, conduct inquiries, and intervene in judicial proceedings. The Commission also has the authority to review policies and laws and advise the government on reforms to ensure better protection of human rights.67 NHRC India is currently accredited as an “A” status NHRI by GANHRI.68 In the area of climate change related work, NHRC India has established a core group of experts from government and civil society to monitor climate change mitigation related work of the government. They conduct regular meetings and share recommendations with relevant government bodies. The NHRC also commissions research studies with affected communities on specific areas like internal displacement caused by large projects – such as hydropower dams and other infrastructure development projects. The NHRC takes suo moto action on issues like internal displacement due to severe weather events and large projects. They engage with government organisations to ensure the rights of affected people are upheld, including proper rehabilitation and provision of necessary facilities for their resettlement and reintegration. So far, NHRC has not faced any significant challenges or threats in their work. While occasional pressures from business groups and other actors have been experienced, generally, the government listens to NHRC’s concerns and takes necessary measures to protect rights, especially of tribal communities. The NHRC has a core group focused on HRDs. They have established a 24/7 focal point for assistance whenever it is needed. Special monitors are appointed for various subjects, including climate change and environmental issues. The NHRC acknowledges that women, vulnerable and marginalised groups, including tribal populations, are most affected by climate change. They organise national conferences involving rural community members to discuss climate change issues. 66 Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), India 1993. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India, ‘About the Organisation’ (2024) <https://nhrc.nic.in/about-us/about-the-Organisation>. 67 68 Office of the High Commissioner for Human RIghts (n 66).