Empowering National Human Rights Institutions to Advance Rights-Based Climate Action 13 The Needs Assessment 2. and Gap Analysis Despite the recognised role of NHRIs in relation to monitoring and advising the government in the context of CCMA, most of the NHRIs face significant challenges in effectively monitoring related aspects, especially when collaborating with other national and international actors. In many countries, comprehensive systems to track all human rights obligations and recommendations in the context of CCMA are lacking.57 NHRIs encounter obstacles such as limited capacity, access, security, resources, and political will from national authorities. Moreover, NHRIs often operate in isolation, lacking a coordinated approach to monitoring and investigating the human rights impacts of CCMA projects and policies, particularly in relation to human mobility. NHRIs face significant challenges in handling displacement caused by disasters, which increases their already heavy workloads. According to the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, NHRIs express concerns about their ability to monitor human rights during emergencies and emphasise the need for more funding, capacity, and staffing to effectively address these issues.58 Many NHRIs struggle with inadequate resources, limiting their ability to assist internally displaced persons (IDPs). While some NHRIs have developed the capacity to respond to displacement, others must quickly adapt to these new challenges, requiring long-term staffing solutions. Despite these difficulties, NHRIs are well-positioned to work with governments, civil society, and international partners to prevent displacement and support solutions for IDPs.59 This Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis aims to identify challenges faced by NHRIs in South Asia regarding their monitoring and advisory roles in CCMA initiatives.60 For this purpose, CCMA refers to two complementary approaches to addressing the impacts of climate change – mitigation and adaptation. Climate change mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases to limit the severity of climate change, while climate change adaptation involves adjusting systems and practices to minimise Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, ‘Request for Proposals and TOR to Conduct the Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis in Relation to CCMA’ (2023). 57 Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of IDPs Re: Internal Displacement and the Role of NHRIs (A/ HRC/41/40)’ (2019) <https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g19/109/19/pdf/g1910919.pdf>. 58 59 Ibid. 60 Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (n 58).