Now our daughters and our ladies, nobody wears the scarf because they fear being attacked. It makes our young people doubt themselves and afraid of doing what they want to be. The scarf is a target. (Muslim focus group) Me, my mum and my sister, we were going [on the train] to the city. There was a white guy, I don't know what was wrong with him…He was just walking around talking about Muslims. We were so scared. We didn't do anything. We just sat quietly... (Indian focus group) Providers noted a fear among migrants to engage in society and meet new people and concerns for safety among many elderly Chinese migrants in their own homes. They’re very old, 60+ years, sometimes they can’t sleep, [others] were banging the walls or suddenly walk through their door swearing at them – It’s unnecessary. So, they had to move to somewhere but that’s not the solution. (Provider) When they come in, they don’t have the connections for sure, and I find they don’t want to have the connections simply because they’re afraid. They sit behind the computer, send out hundreds of CVs. I usually say to them, “Go out, meet people”. “How do we meet people?” They’re afraid. (Provider) Feeling excluded and marginalised: Migrants exposed to racism in Aotearoa New Zealand were commonly described as feeling isolated and unwelcome and having a frail sense of belonging in this country. Personally, as a newcomer here I didn't feel very welcome. I understand that the migrant journey is quite new. It was quite an isolated place for many years so having newcomers here, the local community are still coming to terms with that. I have heard from the community leaders that they do experience racism. (Provider) We're not being welcomed here, they're feeling isolated, which is common in the first few years if you're international students. (Chinese focus group) One focus group highlighted differential levels of inclusion and acknowledgement across ethnic minority populations – noting that smaller migrant groups were further excluded. From the perspective of being an Asian in New Zealand, we feel that we're minority groups and I think the authorities or reputation given to Pākehā, European migrants, Māori and Islanders are a lot more dominant, so we feel [invisible] to be living in New Zealand. (Korean focus group) 5.4. Summary Racism is prevalent in Aotearoa New Zealand: All participants described numerous experiences of institutionalised, personally mediated and internalised racism across all levels of wellbeing: civic engagement and governance, health, housing, employment, society and social connections, education and the justice system. Findings emphasised that the ongoing impact of historical racism toward Māori www.malatest-intl.com Drivers of racism – March 2021 62