ethnic minority groups, while at the same time increasing the privilege and access to resources of dominant ethnic groups in society (Human Rights Commission, 2012; Rankine, 2014). Examples of institutionalised discrimination in New Zealand include: 2.3. o Significant and enduring health inequities affecting Māori (e.g. lower life expectancy, higher prevalence of adverse physical and mental health outcomes, differential access to health services, culturally inappropriate health services, greater burden on Māori health organisations to acquire funding, etc.) (Waitangi Tribunal Report, 2019; Health Quality & Safety Commission, 2019) o Institutional racism affecting equal employment opportunities and pay equity for Māori and Pasifika peoples (Came et al., 2020) particularly Pasifika women (Tuilaepa-Taylor, 2019) o Discriminatory immigration policies (see section 2.1.2) • Personally-mediated racism: Prejudice and discrimination that is either intentionally or unintentionally expressed in everyday interactions. This type of racism can include blatantly racist incidents as well as subtler microaggressions. • Internalised racism: This occurs when ethnic minorities accept negative messages and stereotypes about their own abilities and worth and project these beliefs onto other members of their ethnic group (Jones, 2000). Examples include: o Subscribing to Eurocentric standards of beauty (e.g., using beauty products to whiten their skin). (Jones, 2000) o Rejecting markers of their own ethnic culture and heritage (usually while trying to appropriate the culture and heritage of another group). (Jones, 2000) o Using racial slurs towards others of their own ethnic group (e.g., calling others “plastic9” or “fobs/fresh off the boat”). (Malatest International, 2020). Factors contributing to racism toward migrants Racism is a complex concept, and there are many layers to unravel when exploring the factors and drivers that contribute to racism. A wide body of work has already been completed to examine the motivators behind racism. A brief overview of some 9 The term ‘plastic’ was used in reference to someone who could not speak/understand the language, or who did not understand or actively participate in cultural customs and traditions. www.malatest-intl.com Drivers of racism – March 2021 23