3 | Human rights risks and challenges Risk Risks to athletes’ rights 1. Sexual harassment and/or abuse of players. 2. Athletes suffer gender and sex discrimination through lack of pay parity, investment in the tournament, inappropriate health and welfare considerations for athletes and proportion of paid versus unpaid roles held by women and gender minorities. 3. Risk to athletes’ worker rights, including freedom of association and collective bargaining, unsafe workplaces, and adequate working conditions, for players coming from other countries. 4. Player welfare including mental health is put at risk through inadequate support and policies. 5. Media coverage promotes harmful stereotypes of athletes, e.g. inappropriate sexualisation, creates erasure of diverse identities, or promotes discrimination and abuse of marginalised groups such as transgender athletes, or risks the outing of athletes from countries where homosexual activity is criminalised. 6. Transgender players and/or players with variations in their sex characteristics face discrimination under FIFA rules and are unable to participate in the tournament. 7. Risk to athletes’ rights to freedom of expression and association through the actions of FIFA and/or tournament sponsors. 8. Risk of athletes being subjected to discrimination by sponsors on the basis of sex, race, disability, sexual orientation or gender identity or sex characteristics. 9. Athletes face online abuse, discrimination and/or harassment from FIFA’s media and broadcast partners, including sexual harassment. Risk to worker’s rights 10. Sexual harassment and/or abuse of workers. 11. Exploitation of workers, in cleaning, hospitality (highly feminised sectors in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand and therefore increased risk to vulnerable women, including women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, as well as many young workers) and security sectors. 12. Extreme forms of labour exploitation (including in FIFA and local entities’ supply chains). 13. Exploitation of migrant workers including by illegal forms of overseas recruitment into Australia and/or Aotearoa New Zealand (particularly in the hospitality industry). 38