3 | Human rights risks and challenges In the sporting context, following the Review of Australia’s Sports Integrity (the Wood Review) in 2018, Sport Integrity Australia was established in July 202080 with an independent Complaints Service for National Sporting Organisations that have signed up to the National Integrity Framework.81 Additionally, the National Sports Tribunal has jurisdiction for resolving certain disputes for eligible individuals and sporting bodies. With respect to the FWWC2023, it is likely that only a limited number of people may be eligible to access these mechanisms. Some stakeholders expressed reservations about the appropriateness of sports integrity bodies also being responsible for the resolution of matters relating to discrimination, harassment and abuse of players, due to a lack of human rights expertise. It is important that such legislation takes into account rights to freedom of expression and association, the right to protest and the ability of journalists to perform their jobs by gaining access to tournament sites. There is a possible risk to human rights defenders who may seek to exercise their rights to freedom of expression during this time, where security forces are not adequately trained to respect human rights. In general, this is not expected to be a significant risk, but should be taken into consideration in the planning of the tournament. Of particular note, stakeholders in these consultations expressed concerns that vulnerable people may not have consistent access to trusted, accessible and transparent grievance mechanisms, or access to a comprehensive overarching mechanism that can deal with all complaints, that has the following characteristics: Based on past experiences of MSEs held in Australia, such as the Sydney 2000 Olympics and the 2018 Commonwealth Games, it is possible that some international arrivals, including athletes or members of their team entourages, may seek asylum. Risks in this regard include refoulement – in the event that the individual is unable to lodge a claim for or to access protection or to obtain legal support in order to do so. This will require further assessment once team selections and country qualifications have been carried out. • accommodate their identities, for example cultural or ethnic identity, and the ways in which they have been made vulnerable • provide trained staff who are competent to respond to complaints in a way that centres the targeted person and their experience and is culturally safe and trauma informed • can facilitate access to effective solutions in a timely manner, and • keep them informed about how their complaints will be addressed. (f) Other human rights issues to be considered (i) Risks to freedom of expression and association: security forces and special event legislation It is likely that special event legislation may be introduced by national/state governments of the host countries for the duration of the tournament with respect to the tournament sites. 34 (ii) Refugees and asylum seekers – risks to asylum and non-refoulement rights (iii) Technology, artificial intelligence and risks for rights to privacy and non-discrimination The AHRC recently concluded a three-year project on Human Rights and Technology,82 which identifies both the risks and opportunities that technology, and emerging technologies, present for human rights. NZHRC has carried out a similar piece of research.83 Drawing on that work, and the extensive stakeholder engagement conducted, FIFA should consider the human rights implications, such as the rights to privacy and non-discrimination, of any technology that is created or used to facilitate the operations of the tournament. This will include the use of artificial intelligence by security, ticketing apps and websites, COVID-19 protocols, or apps that are developed as communication tools, complaint mechanisms and/or information portals.