3 | Human rights risks and challenges No new stadiums are being constructed for the purpose of the FWWC2023, which reduces the scope of this risk. However, there are uplift and refurbishment requirements for all of the existing stadiums, and for one new stadium under construction already in Sydney. Hospitality—key risks to workers identified in the hospitality industry arise in connection with a range of systemic issues in the industry including: underpayment of wages, failure to comply with mandated paid breaks or working hours, insecure work, sexual harassment and bullying. Workers in the hospitality industry may be vulnerable due to their status as migrant workers, international students, backpackers, children and young people, and may be particularly impacted by the abovementioned issues.50 Stakeholders from hospitality unions/NGOs also identified particular risks to workers relating to excessive alcohol consumption by patrons, including escalation of sexual harassment and abuse, and workers over-serving alcohol due to lack of employment support and training. Cleaning—the cleaning industry is recognised as a high-risk industry for labour exploitation. International students, backpackers and migrant workers and other vulnerable workers make up a significant cohort of the workers within this industry. The following risks have been documented in the cleaning industry: withholding of wages, immigration-related coercion and threats, deceptive recruitment, excessive overtime, debt bondage, confiscation of personal and travel documents, and dangerous and substandard working conditions. Sexual harassment of young female and LGBTQI+ workers also occurs and is often underreported. Sub-contracting of labour is very common in the cleaning industry, which tends to elevate risks of labour exploitation. Hotels—the Australian Fair Work Ombudsman has conducted several compliance activities in recent years which have highlighted the risks to vulnerable workers in the hotel (and cleaning) industries, including international students, backpackers and migrant workers and among housekeeping staff in particular. 22 Key labour rights risks in the industry include underpayment of wages, lack of recognition of the employment relationship and retaliation against workers for speaking out about substandard working conditions.51 Lone workers, particularly those in night shifts, may also be at increased risk of threats, and verbal and physical violence.52 Security—investigations by the Australian Fair Work Ombudsman53 have highlighted underpayment of wages in the security industry. They have also highlighted the culturally and linguistically diverse nature of the workforce, lack of awareness of workplace laws and entitlements and the high incidence of workers being inappropriately treated as contractors as opposed to employees, and therefore being underpaid. Those working in hospitality-related security (e.g. bouncers at bars and nightclubs) also face risks relating to alcoholrelated harm including physical violence. Consumer goods—the risks of labour exploitation, including modern slavery, such as extreme forms of child labour, debt bondage and forced labour in supply chains of low-cost and fast-moving consumer goods are well-documented.54 These issues have gained increased public attention in Australia with the introduction of the Modern Slavery Act. FIFA has a long history of receiving scrutiny over such issues with respect to footballs and merchandise produced by its sponsors. (b) Risks of labour exploitation for volunteers A key issue highlighted by stakeholders in relation to volunteers was the need to distinguish between paid and unpaid work. In the context of the tournament volunteers may be asked to perform roles which are similar to paid roles without proper remuneration, or to perform work in the same manner as an employee. Situations where volunteers are asked to do so may be exploitative and unlawful. Other risks identified for the volunteer cohort are identified below in section 3.3 Cross-cutting risks.