conventions? a. International human rights conventions require the fulfillment of state obligations According to Article 11 of CEDAW and Article 7 of the ICESCR, international human rights conventions guarantee women the right to safe and healthy working conditions and require state parties to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the workplace. This is to ensure that women enjoy equal rights with men, particularly regarding health and safety in the workplace. Paragraphs 47 and 55 of General Comment No. 23 of CESCR state that “States parties must take measures to address traditional gender roles and other structural obstacles that perpetuate gender inequality” and “states parties should identify indicators and benchmarks to monitor the implementation of the right to just and favorable conditions of work. Such indicators and benchmarks should address the different elements of the right to just and favorable conditions of work…. States parties should define the indicators that are most relevant to national implementation of the right, such as the incidence of occupational accidents…” b. Current actions taken by government entities The Ministry of Labor has stated that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has not conducted any research specifically related to the occupational safety and health of cabin crew. If cabin crew have concerns, they can engage in discussion with their employers through the business entities’ occupational safety and health committees, which contain labor representatives. Furthermore, Article 5 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act does not include penalties and only urges employers to prevent workplace accidents within reasonable and feasible limits. It does not provide a basis for the Ministry of Labor to impose fines. 65 The Ministry of Transportation and Communications states that there are no studies showing injuries or harm incurred by cabin crew during 65 The Commission’s meeting minutes with the advisory body on May 30, 2024. 82