II. On Land: Abuses at Human-Trafficking Camps and Houses in Thailand and Malaysia 48 A 26-year-old Rohingya man who witnessed 17 deaths in the human-trafficking camps told Fortify Rights: “The guards and dallals buried the people in the mountain in the first camp. They were afraid we’d escape.”148 “Mohammed Ishmael,” 20, told Fortify Rights that traffickers buried some sick captives alive: Some people became sick in the camps after we were there for a long time. Some were so sick but were still alive, but they were still thrown into the mountain area [mass grave]. Some people were sick, and the Thai [traffickers] took them, saying they would take them to the hospital in Malaysia, but then they would throw their bodies away. I stayed for five months in the camp . . . When people died, the guards also forced us to throw the bodies in the mountain area. I saw others do this. It was a big mountain and very high, so the people brought the bodies up the mountain and left them there [in a mass grave].149 In some cases, trafficking victims died in Thai hospitals or just prior to their arrival at the hospital after escaping the human-trafficking camps or following raids on the camps by Thai authorities. “Abdul Yasin,” 17, told Fortify Rights that traffickers left him for dead with four others in the jungle. Eventually a Thai man and woman found him and two others, brought them food, and took them to the Hat Yai Hospital in Thailand. The two Rohingya men with Abdul died in the hospital, and the local Muslim community in Thailand buried them in unmarked graves in a makeshift local cemetery.150 Fortify Rights visited a government-operated hospital in southern Thailand that systematically released unidentified bodies of human trafficking victims to members of the Rohingya and Muslim communities in southern Thailand. Members of the Rohingya community in Thailand told Fortify Rights that in most cases, Thai hospitals systematically referred to all victims of trafficking as “Rohingya,” grouping Bangladeshi and Rohingya together.151 Local Rohingya community leaders told Fortify Rights the hospital did not attempt to establish the identities of the deceased. A Rohingya man who helped bury the bodies locally said: “They are the nameless. They are the nameless Rohingya.”152 TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT Members of a transnational criminal syndicate operating in Malaysia and Thailand beat and tortured nearly all Rohingya and Bangladeshi men held captive in the human-trafficking camps, according to eyewitness and survivor testimonies collected by the Commission and Fortify Rights from 2013 to 2015. The Commission collected testimony from three Rohingya survivors who witnessed men beat captive Rohingya in the camp in Wang Kelian.153 Fortify Rights also received evidence of sexual violence and the rape of women in human-trafficking camps. 154 Traffickers applied abusive tactics to exert pressure on captives to obtain money from families, friends, or others in order to escape from the abuse. For example, “Rahim Ullah,” 16, described being tortured when he was unable to secure US$2,000 (approximately 7,000 Malaysian Ringgit) from friends and family for his release: 148 Fortify Rights interview with #45, Songkhla Province, Thailand, September 17, 2014. 149 Fortify Rights interview with #50, Songkhla Province, Thailand, September 17, 2014. 150 Fortify Rights interview with #44, Songkhla Province, Thailand, September 17, 2014. 151 See, for example, Fortify Rights interview with “A. Said,” Songkhla Province, Thailand, September 17, 2014. 152 Ibid. 153 The Commission interview with W6, W17, and W19, Alor Setar, Kedah State, November 2016. 154 Fortify Rights interview with #49, Bangkok, Thailand, September 23, 2014. Mobile phone footage obtained and interpreted by Fortify Rights, 2014.